@inproceedings{ViTa2015_30,
	author = {Stulov, Anatoli},
	title = {Piano hammer-string contact duration: How the bass hammer is released from the string},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Vienna Talk on Music Acoustics},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {177--180},
	editor = {Mayer, Alexander and Chatziioannou, Vasileios and Goebl, Werner},
	abstract = {We associate the bass hammer-string contact duration with the time of propagation of  compression wave traveling through the hammer body from the contact point to the  hammer kernel and back.
Based on the hereditary model of the microstructured wool felt, it has been  revealed that the  stiffness of felt is a nonlinear function of the  compression, and it is strongly determined by the rate of the felt loading. This means that the speed of the compression wave that propagates through the felt depends on the wave form and on its amplitude. It has been  shown that the pulse of a smooth form, and which has no discontinuity on its front propagates with the constant speed until the accumulation of nonlinear effects results in the eventual continuous wave breaking. After that moment the shock has been formed, and now the velocity of the shock wave  depends on the value of the jump discontinuity across the wave front. It has been shown that the front velocity of the shock wave is greater than the velocity in a linear medium. Therefore, the total time of  wave propagation, which is related with a duration of the hammer-string contact, decreases as the dynamic level of the hammer impact is raised. As result, for the first bass hammers, the contact duration is shorter than the round-trip time to agraffe, and hence, no reflected wave is needed to assist the hammer for going away from the string.},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	publisher = {Institute Of Music Acoustics (Wiener Klangstil)},
	
}